INTRODUCTION
At previous meeting, we discussed about the listing
and the time orders, which are both included in the pattern of organization.
And in this paper, we will discuss the kinds of pattern of Organization of the
third and fourth, there are patterns of comparison / contrast and cause /
effect.
1.
Comparison
Comparison
is a rhetorical strategy
and method of organization in
which a writer examines similarities and/or differences
between two people, places, ideas, or things. The material is organized to
emphasize the similarities and/or differences between two or more
items or topics. This pattern is used when the writer wants to explain
similarities or differences between two things.
1.
In a comparison, the writer may explain
similarities OR similarities and differences.
2.
In a contrast, the writer explains only
differences.
A comparison can include both similarities and
differences, or only the similarities. A contrast states only differences.
2. Cause and Effect
Causes and effects are part of our daily lives.
Therefore, this pattern is used often by writers of history books, science
texts, and novels. It is important to recognize the cause/effect pattern when
you read, but it is sometimes more complicated than some of the other patterns.
This pattern describes or discusses an event or action that is caused by
another event or action. On occasion, this pattern is also referred to as result.
BODY
2.1 COMPARE-CONTRAST PATTERNS
A compare and contrast pattern
arranges information according to how two or more things are similar to or
different from one another (or both). This is an effective pattern to use when
the reader can better understand one subject when it is described in relation
to another. If the reader is familiar with one topic, the writer can compare or
contrast it with another topic to shed insight on it.
For example, suppose a
writer's stated purpose is to help the reader make an informed decision about
whether to attend a two-year college or a four-year university. One way to
arrange the information is to compare and contrast the two educational options
along several important dimensions, such as cost, quality of education, and
variety of educational programs. In this case, the number of main sections in
the outline would depend on how many dimensions or factors were considered
(three in the case below). Another way to arrange the information would be to
create two main sections, one that describes similarities and one that
describes differences.
This pattern is used when the writer wants to explain
similarities or differences between two things.
4.
In a comparison, the writer may explain
similarities OR similarities and differences.
5.
In a contrast, the writer explains only
differences.
In the comparison/contrast pattern, the writer's main
idea is a general statement about two things and how they are similar and/or
different. A comparison can include both similarities and differences, or only
the similarities. A contrast states only differences.
• Key
words/phrases in the main idea: similarities, differences, both, in common,
same, different, compare, comparison
• Signal
words/phrases for similarities: similarly, also, in the same way, as, like,
both, in common.
•
Contrast is a rhetorical strategy and method of organization
in which a writer examines only differences between two people, places,
ideas, or things
1.
Signal words/phrases for differences: however, but,
on the other hand, although, while, in contrast, than, conversely, yet, unlike.
2.2 THE EXAMPLES OF
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
EXAMPLE :
My two children are so different that
it surprises me every day. For one thing, my older child is a girl, and my
younger child is a boy. My daughter loves reading, going to the movies, and
writing in her journal. My son, on
theother hand, loves running, jumping, and swimming– anything that
requires using energy. My daughter loves all different kinds of foods, but my
son likes to eat only pizza. And whilemy
son can’t go a day without watching some kind of sporting event on television,
my daughter will only watch a baseball game if nothing else is on.
Adapted from O Magazine, (2001)
“Set Yourself Free,” p37.
2.3 CAUSE-EFFECT PATTERNS
This pattern is used to show the different causes and effects of
various conditions. This pattern is particularly effective when writing a
persuasive document in which the writer advocates some action to solve a
problem, because it demonstrates important relationships between variables.
There are two major variations to this pattern; (a) dividing the outline into
two major sections comprised of causes and effects; or (b) dividing the outline
according to the different causes, with the effects of each cause contained
within the larger "causes" section. See the examples below.
Suppose a writer's
stated purpose is to explain the causes of conflict escalation and their effects.
He/she could organize the information in one of the following two ways. Again,
notice that either method could work equally well.
Cause and effect signal words :
1. because, for this
reason, due to, cause, on account of, if this, then this…
2. as a result, since,
consequently, therefore, thus, in effect, resulting, and the out come is...
In this pattern, the writer's main
idea is that one event or action caused another event or
action.
• Key
words/phrases in the main idea and the signal words for details are the same
and often include: causes, leads to,
is the cause of, results in, creates, brings about, makes, provokes, produces,
gives rise to, contributes to, is due to, is the result of, comes from, results
from, is produced by, is a consequence of, follows, is caused by.
There are four possible cause-effect relationships:
1.
single cause - single effect
2.
single cause - multiple effects
3.
multiple causes - single effect
4.
multiple causes - multiple effects
2.4 THE EXAMPLES OF
CAUSE-EFFECT
In 2003,
two robotic rovers landed on Mars and began sending back data about the
possible existence of water on the red planet. This close examination of Mars
was the result of new and improved technology. Because of advances
in telecommunication systems, scientists on Earth can send commands faster and
receive data in greater amounts. New software in the rovers led to their
increased ability to make independent decisions and avoid dangers and hazards
on their own. As a result of new technologies for severe environments,
the rovers and their interior computers were able to survive the extreme cold
and hot conditions in space and on Mars. And due to their new improved
wheels the twin rovers could move around the rocky Martian landscape with ease.
CONCLUSION
From the description above, we can conclude that:
1.
Comparison and Contrast, more
specifically, are :
1.
In a comparison, the writer may explain
similarities OR similarities and differences.
2.
In a contrast, the writer explains only
differences.
1.
A comparison can include:
1.
both similarities and differences
2.
only the similarities
3.
Contrast states only differences.
1.
Cause-effect Pattern describes or discusses an event
or action that is caused by another event or action. On occasion, this pattern
is also referred to as result. In
this pattern, the writer's main idea is that one event or action caused another
event or action.
REFERENCES
1.
http://faculty.washington.edu/ezent/impo.htm
2.
http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/comparison2term.htm
3.
http://papyr.com/hypertextbooks/comp1/compare.htm
4.
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/composition/cause_effect.htm
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